Veins Improve Fracture Toughness of Insect Wings INSECT AVIATORS. Venation. Abstract. INSECT AVIATORS - Sun Sentinel In Anisoptera, the hind wing is broader than the forewing. Evolution Hypothesis of Insect Wings. The . Insect wings are composed of tubular supporting veins through the deformable membrane. Longitudinal veins with limited cross-veins common in many pterygote groups. During flight, many insect wings undergo dramatic deformations that are controlled largely by the architecture of the wing. The wings are strengthened by a number of longitudinal veins, which often have cross-connections that form closed "cells" in the membrane. The . Damselfly and Dragonfly's Wings The Damselfly and Dragonfly both have two pairs of wings which are about They are clean in colour. The patterns emerging from the blending and cross-connection of the wing veins are often indicative of various evolutionary lineages and can be used to recognize the family or even genus level in many systems of insects. Wing shape, texture, and venation are quite distinctive among the insect taxa and therefore highly useful as aides for identification. Neuroptera. Hind wings primitively separate veins in! Those insects with indirect flight have muscles that attach to and deform the thorax, causing the wings to move as well. In locusts, the longitudinal veins are hollow cuticular tubes with a diameter of approx. Dragonflies are fast and manoeuvrable fliers and this ability is reflected in their unique wing morphology. 2) are all concave above (Mason 1986) and include the fol- . longitudinal vein, which radiates from the base, often branching distally, and the other one is cross-vein, which links the longitudinal veins [7]. Direct flight muscle This type of flight muscle is directly connected to wing sclerites, in contrast to indirect flight muscles, which insert on the thorax. C. R. Mecanique 340 (2012) 3â€"17 B T r Ji a K b N a Ar Av Ke Dr St M Fly 1. fo et bi gu m co ch [5 m tw m of (W an * 16 doContents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Comptes Rendus Mecanique www.sciencedirect.com iomimetic flow control he structure and mechanical properties of dragonfly wings and their ole on flyability yu Sun a,b , Bharat Bhushan b,∗ ey Laboratory of Bionic . Venation. The membrane is two layers of the integument. The principal longitudinal, veins in order from the anterior margin are Costa (C), Subcosta (Sc), Radius (R), Media (M), Cubitus (Cu) and Anal veins (A). membrane wings/ typically two pairs of wings, some groups wingless (ants)/ hind wings smaller than front wings, linked together by small hooks (hamuli)/ wings have few cross-veins, these are angles to from closed cells/ triangular stigma in front wings/ narrow junction between throax and abdomen/ chewing mouthparts-except in bees proboscis for . The patterns resulting from the fusion and cross-connection of the wing veins are often diagnostic for different evolutionary lineages and can be used for identification to the family or even genus level in many orders of insects. The arrangement of veins on the wing is called venation, which is very important for insect classification. 1. In many insects there is what appears to be a cross-vein extending from radius to cubitus . in the 'venous' wings of insects (such as dragonflies, locusts,flies,etc)aresupplementedbyaseriesofmus-cles, the latter enable an insect to . which are common features of insect wings. Thoracic appendages includes the wings and the legs of insects. Hence, flying insects with asynchronous muscles reach higher wing-beat frequencies than synchronous fliers. Ordinarily, however, a definite number of cross-veins having specific locations occurs. 2. On the right side of the diagram there is a section across the wing. In the wing part closest to the insect body, the wing leading edge is composed of two veins: costa and subcosta (Fig. wingrid is a small Python package for quantifying and comparing "appearance" of insect wings, particularly Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). Rasping-sucking. Wings do not contain muscle. Locust wings are able to sustain millions of cycles of mechanical loading during the lifetime of the insect. insects (such as odonates) generally possess wings with a large number of cross-veins (also present in early fossil wings), whereas more derived groups have wings in which the number of cross-veins is reduced and the main wing support is shifted anteriorly (Wootton, 1990a). The patterns that these veins create are called venation patterns. The wing wingrid is a small Python package for quantifying and comparing "appearance" of insect wings, particularly Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). They are filled with hemolymph and contain a tracheal tube and a nerve. Depending on their shape, size, and position, wing veins are usually divided into three different groups: longitudinal veins, cross-veins and ambient veins. 1) Label all longitudinal and cros s veins, and also the wing cell s on the xeroxed s heet labeled "Generalized wing venation." [See rules for naming veins, cross veins, and wing cells]. In many insect species, wings are like human fingerprints: even the left and right wings of the same individual have unique vein patterns. The major veins consist of hemocoel that is supplied with hemolymph, a nerve, and a trachea. Several studies have demonstrated the functional significance of . Large numbers of cross-veins are present in some insects, and they may form a reticulum as in the wings of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and at the base of the forewings of Tettigonioidea and Acridoidea (katydids and grasshoppers respectively). The section was made along the line marked with arrows. Does the insect have wings? Cross-vein A vein that connects longitudinal veins. It flows outward from the body in the costo-medial veins, moves . Longitudinal veins with restricted cross-veins common in numerous pterygote groups. Evolution Hypothesis of Insect Wings. The large anal area are membranous and folded in fan-like manner. Two pair. Furthermore, longitudinal veins significantly enhance wing stiffness in the wingspan direction, especially near the leading edge of the longitudinal vein ( Combes and Daniel, 2003a ). In those cases in Since ma … Cross-venation is a secondary structure with respect to main veins. Veins consisting of nerve, blood area, and tracheae. The biologist Arnold described the blood circulation in insect wings systematically and found that the route of blood circulation in the wings are quite similar in all species of insects. The veins of insect wings are characterized by a convex-concave placement, such as those seen in mayflies (i.e., concave is "down" and convex is "up") which alternate regularly and by its triadic type of branching; whenever a vein forks there is always an interpolated vein of the opposite position between the two branches. Locust wings are able to sustain millions of cycles of mechanical loading during the lifetime of the insect. Since many important fatigue parameters are not experimentally accessible in a small biological sample . cross-vein between radius and media. This is a cross-vein extending from media-two (22) to media-three (213); this is designated by the abbreviation act. Their role during insect flight has been far less studied than that of the longitudinal veins, however one of their main functions is believed to be to constrain the lateral buckling of the longitudinal veins and support This design provides the odonate wing with strong span-wise and less chord-wise flexural rigidity (Newman, 1982; Woot- All rely on the assumption that a set of longitudinal main veins, formed after, and following the course of blood lacunae and/or tracheae, is the primary constituent of the wing venation in insects. They are thick and hardened to provide rigidity and strength to wings. Previous studies suggested that cross-veins in insect wings act as stiffening elements providing lateral support for longitudinal veins [5]. Among these, angiosperm leaf mimicry is one of the most dramatic, although the historical origins of such modifications are unclear owing to a dearth of paleontological records. the insect has wings present or not. Structure of wings Redrawn with modifications from Chapman (fig. The wing veins of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have long been studied as an example of how signaling gradients in a growing tissue can generate precise, reproducible patterns. Extreme reduction of all veins common in small insects. The presence or absence of this cross-vein is often a character of considerable taxonomic importance. The researchers believe that the vein pattern found in insect wings thus might inspire the design of more durable and lightweight artificial 'venous' wings for micro-air-vehicles. Irregular network of veins found in primitive insects. Wings are membranous, usually with a dense network 01 cross-veins that gives the order its name: Neuroptera means nerve-winged, Except in the alder flies (p. 108), the veins usually fork prominently at the winu margins. All the veins of the wing are subject to secondary forking and to union by cross-veins. 1B.The light microscopy image shows a longitudinal vein which is . A simple, high-resolution, non-destructive method for determining the spatial gradient of the elastic modulus of insect cuticle . Two pair. • Cross Veins: microscopic veins found in between visual veins, located on wings • Beak: protruding, snout-like mouthpiece ! wingrid: a Python package for comparing wings based on color. m-cu cross veins (associated with the medial flexion lines), and vein cu-v and the end of vein Culb (associated with the claval flexion line). All . The principal longitudinal, veins in order from the anterior margin are Costa (C), Subcosta (Sc), Radius (R), Media (M), Cubitus (Cu) and Anal veins (A). Wing cross veins: an efficient biomechanical strategy to mitigate fatigue failure of insect cuticle . Wings (ptera = technical term for wings); appendage used for flying; majority of insects have wings but not all are winged. Cross-section through the wing. Full size table. Longitudinal veins concentrated and thickened toward the anterior margin of the wing. Wings of Odonata are corrugated, showing a three-di-mensional network of slender, perpendicularly arranged cross veins, which are connected to thick, longwise running longitudinal veins in the form of wing vein joints. 2. Lacewings, Antlions, Mantidflies. There are no or very few branching in Stick Insect wing veins. There is a cross vein in both wings which divides the cell into a triangle and a super triangle. Green lacewings have many cross veins in their wings and golden eyes. Broad, oval-shaped wings that are pointed at the ends. The membrane is two layers of the integument. Wing veins of Children's Stick Insect Wing veins of male Goliath 38. In some orders of insects, the cross-veins are so numerous, the whole venational pattern becomes a close network of branching veins and cross-veins. The wings are strengthened by a number of longitudinal veins, which often have cross connection that form closed cells in the membranes. In most insect orders these cross veins are reduced or absent. Irregular network of veins found in primitive insects. Figure 1. Our study further supports the idea that the cross-veins in insect wings act as barriers against crack propagation and consequently play a dominant role in toughening the whole wing structure. Our study further supports the idea that the cross-veins in insect wings act as barriers against crack propagation and consequently play a dominant role in toughening the whole wing structure. The veins together with the membrane and some other elements such as spines, nodus . Structure of wings • Cross section through the wing. These are predatory insects that possess biting mouthparts. In membranous wings, the veins provide strength and reinforcement during flight. Insect Wings - It is composed of veins (cross and longitudinal), cells and the regions. In early insects the veins running down the wing (longitudinal veins) were connected by a series of cross veins. One of the major differences between the lacewings and the dobsonflies is size. 2.2 Types of veins 2.2.1 Longitudinal and cross vein Cross-connected longitudinal veins support the wings. Do cross veins thus also influence the fatigue behaviour of the wings? Small veins often found inter connecting the longitudinal veins are called cross veins. First, the cross-sectional shapes of wing veins in various insect orders differ markedly from the circular to polygonal shape seen in both plants and vertebrates, which optimizes fluid flow by minimizing cross-sectional area in close proximity to the vein wall [4, 19-22]. Insect wing vein types and neuration 2.1 The concept of veins Veins are stripes distributed vertically and horizontally in the two thin layers of wings, formed by the thickening of trachea parts, and play a supportive role for wing surface. GENERAL INSECT MORPHOLOGY Lab 7 - A study of insect wings A. Generalized wing venation, wing lobes. The arculus. Longitudinal vein Complete. 100 to 150 µm at the base, thinning towards the edge of the wing [9]. Wings are covered in hair-like scales.Wing veins: Long parallel veins and with only few cross-veins. Insect wings are made of flexible membrane supported by rigid, radiating veins linked by cross veins: The outside veins react to stresses by stretching. The arrangement of veins on the wing is called venation, which is very important for insect classification. The researchers believe that the vein pattern found in insect wings thus might inspire the design of more durable and lightweight artificial 'venous' wings for micro-air-vehicles. Previous studies have shown that cross veins play an important role in delaying crack propagation in the wings. Weaknesses in the cross veins of many insect wings (including those of Panorpa) also allow camber to be set up in the deformable zones. Small veins often found inter connecting the longitudinal veins are called cross veins. Irregular network of veins found in primitive insects. The wings of insect had originated only once in the Arthropod lineage and . However, longitudinal veins with dumbbell-shaped cross sections are very common, not only in dragonflies, but also in other insects [21,39]. A cell bordered anteriorly by vein Rs 4, basally by the rs- m cross-vein, and posteriorly by vein M 1 would be called the Rs 4 cell. that the cross veins, only in one joint type, help to transfer the stress to the thicker longitudinal veins. Subclass Pterygota (pterygotes) -Includes all winged insects. Due to the specific lightweight structure, with the crossing veins joined by rubber-like resilin patches, wings possess strong deformability but can resist high forces and large deformations during aerial collisions. Previous studies have shown that cross veins play an important role in delaying crack propagation in the wings. Locust wings are able to sustain millions of cycles of mechanical loading during the lifetime of the insect. Hind wings from costa to Cubitus are tough and opaque like the forewings. Wings do not include muscle. Cross-veins can temporarily stop the propagation of cracks, increasing the wing's resistance to fracture ( Dirks and Taylor, 2012; Rajabi et al., 2015 ). Both dobsonflies and lacewings have soft bodies and membranous wings, with many cross veins. If a cross-veins separates a cell from the wing margin, the cell is termed a closed cell. A comparative study of the effects of constructional elements on the mechanical behaviour of dragonfly wings . Intermediate. The tracheal approach relies on the course of the Although wings of insects show a large variation in morphology, they are all made from a network of irregular veins interconnected through membranous areas. Diagram of insect wing venation. Lacewings are fairly small insects, while dobsonflies include some of the largest insects found in North America. • Venation. The cross section of a typical vein joint in the wings of the damselfly Matrona basilaris basilaris is illustrated in Fig. The main longitudinal veins transmit fluid, oxygen, or sensory information, while the cross veins are rarely fluid-filled and serve various structural roles. Wings of Australian Flatwing Damselfly Entomologists study the venation of wings and this is often used as a way of differentiating between otherwise similar species. The inside veins compress . The pattern of supporting veins in wings varies widely among insect orders and families, but the functional significance of phylogenetic trends in wing venation remains unknown, and measurements of the mechanical properties of wings are rare. This gives increased efficiency and support. The patterns emerging from the blending and cross-connection of the wing veins are often indicative of various evolutionary lineages and can be used to recognize the family or even genus level in many systems of insects. Cross-section through the wing. These insects are common in the spring summer and fall and their contribution to insect control is immense. Typically the blood circulates only through the wing veins, but in some insects it escapes into the surrounding membrane in certain areas, and in highly modified forms it may be entirely unconfined. The . A deformable grid is fitted to images of wings, allowing local color values to then be . These veins form pleats, which causes lift in the flight of the dragonfly. Primitively the pairs of wings beat independently of one another. Insect wings are made of flexible membrane supported by rigid, radiating veins linked by cross veins: The outside veins react to stresses by stretching. Veins consisting of nerve, blood area, and tracheae. The wing veins of different insect groups are listed below. A network of longitudinal veins and cross-sectional veins divides the wing-surface into characteristic numerous smaller membrane cells (see Figure 1 and [10] ). Wing cells take the name of the subtended branch above them starting from the base outward. A deformable grid is fitted to images of wings, allowing local color values to then be . All adult Odonatas have two pairs of wings that are . INSECT AVIATORS. The use of numerical simulations also allowed us to combine experimental data with previously inaccessible data, such as the distribution of the first . The deformation pattern and the stress distribution in each vein-joint are discussed in . Longitudinal veins with restricted cross-veins common in numerous pterygote groups. Veins including nerve, blood space and tracheae. Cross-veins can also provide crack arresting mechanisms by temporarily stopping the propagation of induced cracks, and therefore they increase the wing's structural fracture toughness [6,7]. Moving away from the body towards the wing tip, the two . Do cross veins thus also influence the fatigue behaviour of the wings? Wings held roof-like over body (moth flies) or together over body (sand flies). Our study further supports the idea that the cross-veins in insect wings act as barriers against crack propagation and consequently play a dominant role in toughening the whole wing structure. Illustration of the cross veins on a Dragonfly wing. main-vein from a cross-vein. Wings with many veins and cross veins, held roof-like over back when at rest. However, longitudinal veins with dumbbell-shaped cross sections are very common, not only in dragonflies, but also in other insects [21,39]. Wings do not include muscle. Here, we report evidence of pinnate leaf mimesis in . the arrangement of veins in the wing of an insect. Wings fold flat over body when at rest. Cuticle surrounds the wings. Dobsonflies, Alderflies and fishflies : Two pair . The anterior cross-vein then comes in handy as it always joins veins 3 and 4. 9) [1]. This is rather inefficient, the effectiveness of the wing beat may be increased by the wings acting together. Many insects, not just flies, have a discal cell which is a variably shaped area bounded by veins near the centre of the wing. 2.2 Types of veins 2.2.1 Longitudinal and cross vein The anterior cross vein generally runs off its top edge. The veins are named according to system of Comstock and Needham [2] modified by Wootton [3]. Tiny insects with fringes of hair on wings. Do cross veins thus also influence the fatigue behaviour of the wings? Ennos (1988a, 1989a) emphasized the importance of the low torsional rigidity of corrugated insect wings, such as are found in members of the Odonata and Longitudinal and cross-veins in different parts of dragonfly wings have different cross sections [2,12,26,38]. The course of circulation is basically the same in the wings of most insects. The wings are strengthened by a number of longitudinal veins, which often have cross-connections that form closed "cells" in the membrane (extreme examples include the dragonflies and lacewings). 1 b). Venation is the name given to the arrangement (number and position) of veins within an insect's wing. Our study further supports the idea that the cross-veins in insect wings act as barriers against crack propagation and consequently play a dominant role in toughening the whole wing structure. However, fruit fly wings represent only a small slice of wing diversity. Several distinct flow patterns were distinguished, involving longitudinal veins, cross-veins and ambient veins. information about insect flight in this page. Our study further supports the idea that the cross-veins in insect wings act as barriers against crack propagation and consequently play a dominant role in toughening the whole wing structure. The inside veins compress . The insect wings are triangular and possess angles and margins. Insects wings are adult outgrowth of insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly, found on the second and third thoracic segment. Previous studies have shown that cross veins play an important role in delaying crack propagation in the wings. Answer the following questions about the insect and the key will direct you to the next number and . Paranotal hypothesis: This hypothesis implies that the insect's wings evolved from . Longitudinal veins with limited cross-veins common in many pterygote groups. Megaloptera. These veins are extensions of the body's circulatory system. Paranotal hypothesis: This hypothesis implies that the insect's wings evolved from . The researchers believe that the vein pattern found in insect wings thus might inspire the design of more durable and lightweight artificial 'venous' wings for micro-air-vehicles. 37. Appearance: Small hairy, moth-like flies. Chewing. What is thickened portion of this plan of two regions of morphometric approaches to be pleural appendage in insects have them is similar species. The medial cross-vein. The use of numerical simulations also allowed us to combine experimental data with previously inaccessible data, such as the distribution of the first . Longitudinal and cross-veins in different parts of dragonfly wings have different cross sections [2,12,26,38]. Insect wing vein types and neuration 2.1 The concept of veins Veins are stripes distributed vertically and horizontally in the two thin layers of wings, formed by the thickening of trachea parts, and play a supportive role for wing surface. Insects into two divergent evolution of insect ovipositor, neuropteran wings are referred to identify parhyale exd and higher and then, secondary veins on. Other than supporting the membrane, the veins on the wing structure also play a major role in the flight of insects. Wing flexion lines in the Hymenoptera (Fig. wingrid: a Python package for comparing wings based on color. Soft-bodied holometabolous insects with wingspans ranging from about 3mm [0 more than 100mm. the cross-veins is thought to increase the compliance of the cross- vein when in flexion (see Figure 1 and [2,3]). Membrane is two layers of integument. Irregular network of veins found in primitive insects. 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